Evaluation of a smoke-free beaches intervention in Barcelona: a quasi-experimental study.

BACKGROUND: We aim to assess the effect of a smoke-free beaches (SFB) intervention in Barcelona on smoking during the 2021 bathing season. METHODS: Quasi-experimental pre-post design (pre-intervention period: 15-28 May; post-intervention period: 29 May-12 September). Based on users' profiles and location, four beaches were assigned to the intervention group (IG) and five to the comparison group (CG). The intervention involved: a mayoral decree (29 May), a communication campaign and beach on-site information. We established two 3 m × 3 m transects per beach from the coastline to the promenade. Trained teams collected smoking-related information in the transects through observations and surveys to beach users. Outcomes are as follows: percentage of people reporting witnessing smoking behaviours the last fortnight and percentage of people observed smoking. We calculated and compared prevalence ratios (PRs) with adjusted Poisson regressions. RESULTS: 3751 interviews (1721 IG; 2030 CG) and 1108 observations (498 IG, 610 CG) were carried out. SFB were associated with a significant reduction in the percentage of people reporting witnessing smoking (IG (pre: 87.2%; post: 49.7%); CG (pre: 86.2%; post: 74.1%); PR (95% CI): 0.7 (0.6 to 0.8)); and in the users observed smoking in the beach (IG (pre: 3.8%; post: 3.0%); CG (pre: 2.3%; post: 9.9%); PR (95% CI): 0.3 (0.3 to 0.4)). Satisfaction scores were 8.3 (IG) and 8.1 (CG) out of 10. CONCLUSION: An SFB intervention is an effective and well-accepted measure to reduce smoking and smokers' visibility. Smoke-free measures should be extended to beaches and other non-regulated outdoor areas.

Socioeconomic inequalities in COVID-19 incidence during the first six waves in Barcelona.

BACKGROUND: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 affected urban areas. In Barcelona, six waves of COVID-19 hit the city between March 2020 and March 2022. Inequalities in the incidence of COVID-19 have been described. However, no studies have examined the daily trends of socioeconomic inequalities and how they changed during the different phases of the pandemic. The aim of this study is to analyse the dynamic socioeconomic inequalities in the incidence of COVID-19 during the six waves in Barcelona. METHODS: We examined the proportion of daily cases observed in the census tracts in the lower income tercile compared with the proportion of daily cases observed in the sum of the lower and higher income terciles. Daily differences in these proportions were assessed as a function of the epidemic waves, sex, age group, daily incidence and daily change in the incidence. A logistic regression model with an autoregressive term was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A time-dynamic effect was found for socioeconomic inequalities in the incidence of COVID-19. In fact, belonging to a lower-income area changed from being a risk factor (Waves 1, 2, 4 and 5) to being a protective factor in the sixth wave of the pandemic. Age also had a significant effect on incidence, which also changed over the different waves of the pandemic. Finally, the lower-income areas showed a comparatively lower incidence during the ascending phase of the epidemic waves. CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic inequalities in COVID-19 changed by wave, age group and wave phase.

[Strategy for the promotion of equitable and healthy relationships in educational centers in Barcelona]. / Estrategia de promoción de relaciones equitativas y saludables en centros educativos de Barcelona.

The educational system is one of the most powerful agents of socialization; it can contribute to perpetuate the gender system and tolerance towards violence or on the contrary, to reduce violence by promoting more equitable and healthy relationship models. The Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona set out to design a strategy to prevent violence by promoting equitable and healthy relationships at different educational levels in schools in the city of Barcelona. The objective of this article is to present the process of developing this strategy. They characteristics are: (1) use of a participatory approach to ensure the quality and coherence of the process; (2) creation of a theoretical framework for the strategy; (3) use of the intervention mapping methodology as a strategy for the diagnosis, planning, design, development and evaluation of interventions to promote equitable and healthy relationships; and (4) adaptation or design and evaluation of different programs to incorporate different educational stages. It is argued that the strategy designed is considered adequate because it plans interventions to promote equitable and healthy relationships framed within a global educational strategy that starts in the early stages of early childhood education and is continued in all compulsory educational stages. This strategy is based on a conceptual framework that takes into account the determinants and social inequalities in health and promotes an approach based on the promotion of health assets and the use of participatory methodologies.

Estrategia de promoción de relaciones equitativas y saludables en centros educativos de Barcelona / Strategy for the promotion of equitable and healthy relationships in educational centers in Barcelona

El sistema educativo es uno de los agentes de socialización más potentes. Puede contribuir a perpetuar el sistema de género o por el contrario reducir la violencia mediante la promoción de modelos de relación más equitativos y saludables. La Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona se propuso diseñar una estrategia de prevención de la violencia mediante la promoción de las relaciones equitativas y saludables en los diferentes niveles educativos de los centros educativos de la ciudad de Barcelona. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar el proceso de desarrollo de esta estrategia. Sus características son: 1) utilización de un enfoque participativo para garantizar la calidad y la coherencia del proceso; 2) creación de un marco teórico para la estrategia; 3) utilización de la metodología de mapeo de intervenciones como estrategia para el diagnóstico, la planificación, el diseño, el desarrollo y la evaluación de las intervenciones de promoción de relaciones equitativas y saludables; y 4) adaptación o diseño y evaluación de diversos programas para incorporar a las diferentes etapas educativas. Se argumenta que la estrategia diseñada se considera adecuada porque planea las intervenciones de promoción de relaciones equitativas y saludables enmarcadas en una estrategia educativa global que se inicie en etapas tempranas de la educación infantil y se continúe en todas las etapas educativas obligatorias. Esta estrategia se basa en un marco conceptual que tiene en cuenta los determinantes y las desigualdades sociales en la salud, y que promueve un enfoque basado en la promoción de activos en salud y el uso de metodologías participativas. (AU)

The educational system is one of the most powerful agents of socialization; it can contribute to perpetuate the gender system and tolerance towards violence or on the contrary, to reduce violence by promoting more equitable and healthy relationship models. The Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona set out to design a strategy to prevent violence by promoting equitable and healthy relationships at different educational levels in schools in the city of Barcelona. The objective of this article is to present the process of developing this strategy. They characteristics are: (1) use of a participatory approach to ensure the quality and coherence of the process; (2) creation of a theoretical framework for the strategy; (3) use of the intervention mapping methodology as a strategy for the diagnosis, planning, design, development and evaluation of interventions to promote equitable and healthy relationships; and (4) adaptation or design and evaluation of different programs to incorporate different educational stages. It is argued that the strategy designed is considered adequate because it plans interventions to promote equitable and healthy relationships framed within a global educational strategy that starts in the early stages of early childhood education and is continued in all compulsory educational stages. This strategy is based on a conceptual framework that takes into account the determinants and social inequalities in health and promotes an approach based on the promotion of health assets and the use of participatory methodologies. (AU)

Pediatric Medication Noninitiation in Spain.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate medication noninitiation prevalence in the pediatric population and identify the explanatory factors underlying this behavior. METHODS: Observational study of patients (<18 years old) receiving at least 1 new prescription (28 pharmaceutical subgroups; July 2017 to June 2018) in Catalonia, Spain. A prescription was considered new when there was no prescription for the same pharmaceutical subgroup in the previous 6 months. Noninitiation occurred when a prescription was not filled within 1 month or 6 months (sensitivity analysis). Prevalence was estimated as the proportion of total prescriptions not initiated. To identify explanatory factors, a multivariable multilevel logistic regression model was used, and adjusted odds ratios were reported. RESULTS: Overall, 1 539 003 new prescriptions were issued to 715 895 children. The overall prevalence of 1-month noninitiation was 9.0% (ranging from 2.6% [oral antibiotics] to 21.5% [proton pump inhibitors]), and the prevalence of 6-month noninitiation was 8.5%. Noninitiation was higher in the youngest and oldest population groups, in children from families with a 0% copayment rate (vulnerable populations) and those with conditions from external causes. Out-of-pocket costs of drugs increased the odds of noninitiation. The odds of noninitiation were lower when the prescription was issued by a pediatrician (compared with a primary or secondary care clinician). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of noninitiation of medical treatments in pediatrics is high and varies according to patients' ages and medical groups. Results suggest that there are inequities in access to pharmacologic treatments in this population that must be taken into account by health care planners and providers.

[The gambling industry: a public health perspective.] / El negocio de los juegos de azar: una perspectiva desde la salud pública.

OBJECTIVE: Gambling may cause a variety of problems, both health and social, to the player, his family and his environment; Problems can be more serious for those who gamble more frequently or bet more money. Beyond the mental health gambling disorder and considering other harms derived from gambling, it is possible to develop a public health approach to the issue, including both prevention and harm reduction aspects. In recent decades gambling availability has expanded, with attempts at regulation. The objective of this paper is to provide basic information about gambling in Spain, stratifying data by Autonomous Communities (AC), from a public health perspective. METHODS: A descriptive study of some aspects of gambling in Spain was carried out. The data for amounts gambled by participants, gross gaming revenue of the industry, and establishments or machines licensed for the year 2017 were extracted from the available systematic sources. Aggregated data were tabulated and stratified by AC for those presential gambling categories with the greatest compulsive gambling potential and relevant business volume. Crude results and ratios per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated. RESULTS: Up to 41,826.8 million euros were spent gambling throughout Spain in 2017, a figure that exceeds 3.5% of the Gross Domestic Product, and the largest segment was online gambling in its various modalities (32%), followed by the national lottery and similar traditional games (27%). The supply of gambling venues (74.9 establishments per million inhabitants) was assessed by AC, showing large differences among them: their density in the region of Murcia is tenfold that of Catalonia. Gambling machines that can be installed in hospitality establishments (B machines) showed a density of 43.4 per 1,000 inhabitants, with greater homogeneity across AC than gambling premises. Regional data on the amounts spent in casinos, bingo cards, and sports betting show no homogeneous patterns. CONCLUSIONS: The volume of money spent on gambling in Spain is very important, and online gambling has become the largest business segment. The most traditional game modes and probably with less addictive potential such as lotteries and draws continue to have a relevant presence. The availability of presential gambling shows wide heterogeneity among AC, especially for licensed gambling establishments, whose density is ten times greater in the community with more supply compared to the one with less. The data by AC of some game modalities suggest that availability may be a relevant factor for gambling, but not the only one.

OBJETIVO: Participar en juegos de azar puede causar problemas diversos, tanto sanitarios como sociales, que afectan a la persona jugadora, a su familia y a su entorno. Éstos pueden ser más graves para las personas que juegan con mayor frecuencia o que se juegan más dinero. Más allá del trastorno por juego reconocido en la salud mental, y teniendo en cuenta que de las apuestas se derivan otros daños sociales, es posible desarrollar un enfoque de salud pública sobre el juego, contemplando tanto aspectos de prevención como de reducción de daños. En las últimas décadas ha proliferado la oferta de juegos de azar, con algunos intentos de regulación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue aportar información básica sobre la oferta actual de juego en España, desagregando los datos según comunidades autónomas (CCAA), desde una perspectiva de salud pública. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de algunos aspectos de la oferta de juego en España. Los datos de importes jugados, los márgenes estimados de los operadores y establecimientos, o las máquinas licenciadas para el año 2017 se extrajeron de las fuentes sistemáticas consolidadas sobre el juego en España. Se tabularon datos agregados, y se desglosaron por CCAA para las categorías de juego presencial con mayor potencial de juego compulsivo y por volumen relevante de negocio. Se calcularon resultados brutos y razones por 100.000 habitantes. RESULTADOS: En 2017 se jugaron un total de 41.826,8 millones de euros en toda España, cifra que supera el 3,5% del Producto Interior Bruto, y el mayor segmento de negocio fue el juego online en sus diversas modalidades (32%), seguido de los juegos tradicionales como la Lotería Nacional y otros similares (27%). Se valoró la oferta de locales de juego (74,9 locales por millón de habitantes), con grandes diferencias entre CCAA: la región de Murcia tuvo una densidad diez veces mayor que Cataluña. Las máquinas B que pueden instalarse en establecimientos de hostelería presentaron una densidad de 43,4 por 1.000 habitantes, con mayor homogeneidad entre CCAA que los locales de juego. Los datos territorializados de gasto en casinos, cartones de bingo y apuestas deportivas mostraron patrones no concordantes. CONCLUSIONES: El volumen de dinero gastado en juegos de azar en España es muy importante, y el juego online se ha convertido en el mayor segmento de negocio. Las modalidades de juego más tradicionales, y probablemente con menos potencial adictivo, como son las loterías y sorteos, siguen teniendo una presencia muy relevante. La oferta de juego presencial muestra cierta heterogeneidad entre CCAA, especialmente por lo que respecta a los salones de juego. Los datos territorializados de algunas modalidades de juego sugieren que la oferta puede ser un factor condicionante del juego, aunque no el único.

El negocio de los juegos de azar: una perspectiva desde la salud pública / The gambling industry: a public health perspective

OBJETIVO: Participar en juegos de azar puede causar problemas diversos, tanto sanitarios como sociales, que afectan a la persona jugadora, a su familia y a su entorno. Éstos pueden ser más graves para las personas que juegan con mayor frecuencia o que se juegan más dinero. Más allá del trastorno por juego reconocido en la salud mental, y teniendo en cuenta que de las apuestas se derivan otros daños sociales, es posible desarrollar un enfoque de salud pública sobre el juego, contemplando tanto aspectos de prevención como de reducción de daños. En las últimas décadas ha proliferado la oferta de juegos de azar, con algunos intentos de regulación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue aportar información básica sobre la oferta actual de juego en España, desagregando los datos según comunidades autónomas (CCAA), desde una perspectiva de salud pública. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de algunos aspectos de la oferta de juego en España. Los datos de importes jugados, los márgenes estimados de los operadores y establecimientos, o las máquinas licenciadas para el año 2017 se extrajeron de las fuentes sistemáticas consolidadas sobre el juego en España. Se tabularon datos agregados, y se desglosaron por CCAA para las categorías de juego presencial con mayor potencial de juego compulsivo y por volumen relevante de negocio. Se calcularon resultados brutos y razones por 100.000 habitantes. RESULTADOS: En 2017 se jugaron un total de 41.826,8 millones de euros en toda España, cifra que supera el 3,5% del Producto Interior Bruto, y el mayor segmento de negocio fue el juego online en sus diversas modalidades (32%), seguido de los juegos tradicionales como la Lotería Nacional y otros similares (27%). Se valoró la oferta de locales de juego (74,9 locales por millón de habitantes), con grandes diferencias entre CCAA: la región de Murcia tuvo una densidad diez veces mayor que Cataluña. Las máquinas B que pueden instalarse en establecimientos de hostelería presentaron una densidad de 43,4 por 1.000 habitantes, con mayor homogeneidad entre CCAA que los locales de juego. Los datos territorializados de gasto en casinos, cartones de bingo y apuestas deportivas mostraron patrones no concordantes. CONCLUSIONES: El volumen de dinero gastado en juegos de azar en España es muy importante, y el juego online se ha convertido en el mayor segmento de negocio. Las modalidades de juego más tradicionales, y probablemente con menos potencial adictivo, como son las loterías y sorteos, siguen teniendo una presencia muy relevante. La oferta de juego presencial muestra cierta heterogeneidad entre CCAA, especialmente por lo que respecta a los salones de juego. Los datos territorializados de algunas modalidades de juego sugieren que la oferta puede ser un factor condicionante del juego, aunque no el único

OBJECTIVE: Gambling may cause a variety of problems, both health and social, to the player, his family and his environment; Problems can be more serious for those who gamble more frequently or bet more money. Beyond the mental health gambling disorder and considering other harms derived from gambling, it is possible to develop a public health approach to the issue, including both prevention and harm reduction aspects. In recent decades gambling availability has expanded, with attempts at regulation. The objective of this paper is to provide basic information about gambling in Spain, stratifying data by Autonomous Communities (AC), from a public health perspective. METHODS: A descriptive study of some aspects of gambling in Spain was carried out. The data for amounts gambled by participants, gross gaming revenue of the industry, and establishments or machines licensed for the year 2017 were extracted from the available systematic sources. Aggregated data were tabulated and stratified by AC for those presential gambling categories with the greatest compulsive gambling potential and relevant business volume. Crude results and ratios per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated. RESULTS: Up to 41,826.8 million euros were spent gambling throughout Spain in 2017, a figure that exceeds 3.5% of the Gross Domestic Product, and the largest segment was online gambling in its various modalities (32%), followed by the national lottery and similar traditional games (27%). The supply of gambling venues (74.9 establishments per million inhabitants) was assessed by AC, showing large differences among them: their density in the region of Murcia is tenfold that of Catalonia. Gambling machines that can be installed in hospitality establishments (B machines) showed a density of 43.4 per 1,000 inhabitants, with greater homogeneity across AC than gambling premises. Regional data on the amounts spent in casinos, bingo cards, and sports betting show no homogeneous patterns. CONCLUSIONS: The volume of money spent on gambling in Spain is very important, and online gambling has become the largest business segment. The most traditional game modes and probably with less addictive potential such as lotteries and draws continue to have a relevant presence. The availability of presential gambling shows wide heterogeneity among AC, especially for licensed gambling establishments, whose density is ten times greater in the community with more supply compared to the one with less. The data by AC of some game modalities suggest that availability may be a relevant factor for gambling, but not the only one

The Incidence of Obesity, Assessed as Adiposity, Is Reduced After 1 Year in Primary Schoolchildren by the POIBA Intervention.

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is becoming a serious problem, and prevention programs are needed. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate, after 1 y, the effectiveness of a multicomponent, school-based obesity intervention program. METHODS: This intervention, conducted in Barcelona, Spain, was a quasi-experimental obesity primary prevention intervention targeting schoolchildren aged 9-10 y. Participants were assigned to an intervention group (IG) (1464 students) or to a comparison group (CG) (1609 students). The intervention consisted of a 9-session classroom program, 6 weekly sessions of physical education and out-of-school physical activity, and a workshop for families. It lasted from October 2011 to May 2012. Data obtained at baseline (spring 2011) and follow-up (spring 2012) included information on nutrition and physical activity, through 2 self-reported questionnaires, and measurement of weight, height, triceps skinfold thickness, and waist circumference. The cumulative incidence rate (CIR) of obesity was calculated from triceps skinfold measures. A multilevel logistic regression model was fitted to determine the association between the intervention and the CIR of obesity. The effect size of the program was estimated with Cohen's criteria. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of obesity at baseline was 12.7%. At the 12-mo follow-up, the incidence of obesity was 7.8% in the IG compared with 11.4% in the CG (P < 0.005), representing 31% fewer new cases of obesity in the IG. The Cohen's d effect size of the program was 0.33. In the multilevel analysis, there was a protective effect of the intervention on the CIR of obesity at 12 mo (OR: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5, 0.9) (P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: The first Prevención de la Obesidad Infantil en Barcelona (Childhood Obesity Prevention in Barcelona) (POIBA) intervention, targeting children aged 9-10 y, reduced the incidence of obesity as measured by adiposity. The intervention could prevent 1 in 3 new cases of childhood obesity in this age range.

A childhood obesity prevention programme in Barcelona (POIBA Project): Study protocol of the intervention.

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity preventive interventions should promote a healthy diet and physical activity at home and school. This study aims to describe a school-based childhood obesity preventive programme (POIBA Project) targeting 8-to-12- year-olds. DESIGN AND METHODS: Evaluation study of a school-based intervention with a pre-post quasi-experimental design and a comparison group. Schools from disadvantaged neighbourhoods are oversampled. The intervention consists of 9 sessions, including 58 activities of a total duration between 9 and 13 hours, and the booster intervention of 2 sessions with 8 activities lasting 3 or 4 hours. They are multilevel (individual, family and school) and multicomponent (classroom, physical activity and family). Data are collected through anthropometric measurements, physical fitness tests and lifestyle surveys before and after the intervention and the booster intervention. In the intervention group, families complete two questionnaires about their children's eating habits and physical activity. The outcome variable is the cumulative incidence rate of obesity, obtained from body mass index values and body fat assessed by triceps skinfold thickness. The independent variables are socio-demographic, contextual, eating habits, food frequency, intensity of physical activity and use of new technologies. EXPECTED IMPACT FOR PUBLIC HEALTH: It is essential to implement preventive interventions at early ages and to follow its effects over time. Interventions involving diet and physical activity are the most common, being the most effective setting the school. The POIBA Project intervenes in both the school and family setting and focuses on the most disadvantaged groups, in which obesity is most pronounced and difficult to prevent.

Experiencias con el primer nivel de atención según cobertura de salud en Córdoba, Argentina / Experiences with the first level of care according to health coverage in Córdoba, Argentina

Este trabajo reúne dos estudios realizados con el objetivo de analizar la experiencia con el primer nivel de atención según cobertura sanitaria, en la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina. La investigación se realizó en dos muestras de personas adultas usuarias de centros de salud públicos municipales (n=153) y afiliadas de una obra social, mayoritariamente atendidas a través de proveedores privados de servicios de salud (n=278). Se evaluó las funciones de acceso al primer contacto, longitudinalidad del cuidado, coordinación, integralidad, enfoque familiar y orientación comunitaria con el cuestionario Primary Care Assessment Tools dirigido a usuarios (PCAT-AE) y se analizaron mediante puntajes promedio y modelos de regresión logística multivariada por cobertura sanitaria, ajustados por edad, sexo, nivel de escolaridad y salud percibida. El acceso, la integralidad de los servicios recibidos y la orientación comunitaria mostraron niveles bajos de cumplimiento (media <6,6 puntos, en escala de 0 a 10) en ambas muestras. Los usuarios de servicios públicos puntuaron mejor que los afiliados de la obra social la mayoría de las funciones, excepto el acceso en el primer contacto. En conclusión, se corroboraron desigualdades en las experiencias en el primer nivel de atención, sugiriendo mejor desempeño del sistema público en varias funciones de la AP (AU)

Perceptions and beliefs of public policymakers in a Southern European city.

INTRODUCTION: Socio-economic inequalities in health are large in urban areas; however, local municipal governments may plan, manage and provide services and policies which can reduce these. The objective of this study was to describe the beliefs and perceptions of public policymakers in a European city, Barcelona. They are the key actors in designing and implementing urban public policies. METHODS: A qualitative research study describing policymakers' beliefs on health inequalities. The study population were twelve policymakers. These were politicians or officers from the city council. Informant profiles were selected using a theoretical sample. Semi-structured individual interviews were performed to collect the data and a thematic content analysis was carried out. RESULTS: Politicians were aware of health inequalities in their city and identified diverse social causes. They viewed reducing inequalities as a priority for the city's government. Officers were less knowledgeable and described less efforts in addressing health inequalities. It was stated by some that reducing inequalities in non-health sectors helped to reduce health inequalities indirectly and there was some collaboration between two sectors. The most frequent barriers encountered when implementing policies were funding and the cities' limited authority. CONCLUSIONS: Officers and policymakers had different levels of awareness and access to information on health and its social determinants. Officers referred to specific causes of health inequalities and policies which related to their sectors and politicians were more familiar with upstream determinants and policies. Some participants explained that policies and programmes needed to be evaluated and very little intersectoral action was said to be carried out. More efforts should be made to provide all policymakers with information on the social determinants of health inequalities. Research on health inequalities and policy should engage with policymakers and promote health as a cross cutting issue in the city council in liaison with the third sector.

Salud comunitaria: una integración de las competencias de atención primaria y de salud pública. Informe SESPAS 2010 / Community health: Integration of primary care and public health competencies. SESPAS report 2010

La atención primaria y la salud pública han tenido trayectorias paralelas, con escasos puntos de encuentro y coordinación en lo que se refiere a la acción comunitaria para la mejora de la salud de la población. Considerando la salud comunitaria como «la salud individual y de grupos en una comunidad definida, determinada por la interacción de factores personales, familiares, por el ambiente socio-económico-cultural y físico», y la intervención en salud comunitaria como la acción en el nivel local para lograr su mejora, la AP y la SP son actores clave del entorno sanitario para llevarla a cabo. De todas formas, su actuación deberá contar con otros agentes territoriales, incluida la población. La inclusión de la salud comunitaria como un objetivo del sistema sanitario hace evidente la necesidad de buscar y lograr una acción más coordinada e integral, lo cual debe introducir cambios en diversas áreas, entre las que destacan la formación de los profesionales, los contratos a los proveedores de servicios, los sistemas de definición de las carteras de servicios y la organización de los servicios (AU)

Primary care and public health have run on parallel tracks with scarce points of contact or coordination in community action to improve the population’s health. If community health is defined as the «health of individuals and groups in a defined community, determined by the interaction of personal and familial factors and by the socioeconomic-cultural and physical environments» and of community intervention is defined as local action to improve community health, primary care and public health are the key players to implement this aim. However, their actions should take into account other local actors, including the population. The inclusion of community health as an objective of the health system highlights the need to achieve more coordinated and comprehensive action, and to introduce advances in several areas, which include training for health professionals, contracts to service providers, systems for defining service portfolios, and organizational aspects of services (AU)

[Community health: integration of primary care and public health competencies. SESPAS report 2010]. / Salud comunitaria: una integración de las competencias de atención primaria y de salud pública. Informe SESPAS 2010.

Primary care and public health have run on parallel tracks with scarce points of contact or coordination in community action to improve the population's health. If community health is defined as the "health of individuals and groups in a defined community, determined by the interaction of personal and familial factors and by the socioeconomic-cultural and physical environments" and of community intervention is defined as local action to improve community health, primary care and public health are the key players to implement this aim. However, their actions should take into account other local actors, including the population. The inclusion of community health as an objective of the health system highlights the need to achieve more coordinated and comprehensive action, and to introduce advances in several areas, which include training for health professionals, contracts to service providers, systems for defining service portfolios, and organizational aspects of services.

El Impacto de la Política en la Salud

América Latina: La Acumulación de Capital, la Salud y el Papel de las Instituciones Internacionales. Antonio Ugalde, Núria Homedes / Política Fiscal y Política Sanitaria: Tensiones Evidentes a partir de los Criterios de Reparto de la Masa Coparticipable y los Métodos de Determinación de Transferencia / Nelly Catalina Barbieri / Sobre Progreso Social y Sostenibilidad: ¿Existirá Buenos Aires cuando los Jóvenes de Hoy sean Viejos? José A. Tapia Granados. RESEÑA HISTÓRICA: Un Médico Higienista Buscando Ordenar el Mundo Urbano Argentino de Comienzos del Siglo XX. Diego Armus. CONFERENCIA: Las Ciencias y la Política. Carlos Matus

El impacto de la política en la salud / The impact of policy on health

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados principales del estudio que analizó el impacto que tiene el poder político sobre la mortalidad infantil y la esperanza de vida en la mayoría de países de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico desde 1950 hasta 1998. Los países se agruparon según la tradición política que los había gobernado durante más tiempo a lo largo de los años 1950-1998. La mortalidad infantil y la esperanza de vida al nacer fueron las variables dependientes. Las variables independientes se agruparon en variables de poder político, mercado de trabajo, estado del bienestar y desigualdades de renta. Se presenta un análisis descriptivo de todas las variables según tradición política y también coeficientes de correlación de Pearson entre las variables para distintos períodos.La principal conclusión del estudio es que la duración de los gobiernos de partidos proredistributivos desempeña un papel importante en la reducción de las desigualdades derenta y en la disminución de la mortalidad infantil...

El impacto de la política en la salud / The impact of policy on health

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados principales del estudio que analizó el impacto que tiene el poder político sobre la mortalidad infantil y la esperanza de vida en la mayoría de países de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico desde 1950 hasta 1998. Los países se agruparon según la tradición política que los había gobernado durante más tiempo a lo largo de los años 1950-1998. La mortalidad infantil y la esperanza de vida al nacer fueron las variables dependientes. Las variables independientes se agruparon en variables de poder político, mercado de trabajo, estado del bienestar y desigualdades de renta. Se presenta un análisis descriptivo de todas las variables según tradición política y también coeficientes de correlación de Pearson entre las variables para distintos períodos.La principal conclusión del estudio es que la duración de los gobiernos de partidos proredistributivos desempeña un papel importante en la reducción de las desigualdades derenta y en la disminución de la mortalidad infantil...(AU)

El impacto de la política en la salud / The impact of policy on health

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados principales del estudio que analizó el impacto que tiene el poder político sobre la mortalidad infantil y la esperanza de vida en la mayoría de países de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico desde 1950 hasta 1998. Los países se agruparon según la tradición política que los había gobernado durante más tiempo a lo largo de los años 1950-1998. La mortalidad infantil y la esperanza de vida al nacer fueron las variables dependientes. Las variables independientes se agruparon en variables de poder político, mercado de trabajo, estado del bienestar y desigualdades de renta. Se presenta un análisis descriptivo de todas las variables según tradición política y también coeficientes de correlación de Pearson entre las variables para distintos períodos.La principal conclusión del estudio es que la duración de los gobiernos de partidos proredistributivos desempeña un papel importante en la reducción de las desigualdades derenta y en la disminución de la mortalidad infantil...(AU)

[Gender sensitivity in the formulation of Spanish health plans: what it could have been but wasn't]. / Sensibilidad de género en la formulación de planes de salud en España: lo que pudo ser y no fue.

AIM: To systematically examine gender sensitivity in the policies formulated in the health plans of the various Autonomous Communities in Spain in which these plans are available. We defined gender sensitivity as the extent to which the health plans took gender into account as a relation category and developed interventions to ameliorate gender-related inequalities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire with a structure similar to that of the health plans, which were based on the World Health Organization's proposal, was designed. The questionnaire consisted of an introductory section, which we called the symbolic content, and described the general objectives and values of the health plan. In the other section, which we called the operative content of the health plan, the specific objectives and the interventions to achieve them were expressed in concrete terms. A gender sensitivity symbolic index and gender sensitivity operative index were constructed. RESULTS: Thirteen health plans were analyzed. Those of the Basque Country, the Valencian Community and the Canary Islands showed high symbolic content, which did not always match their subsequent operative implementation. The health plans of the Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia showed the greatest operative gender sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Gender sensitivity in health plans varies widely among Autonomous Communities. Some channels for action would be to set up partnerships and networks for health professionals and collectives in order to raise awareness of the problem and build on the experience of the Autonomous Communities whose initiatives are carried out with the greatest gender sensitivity.

Sensibilidad de género en la formulación de planes de salud en España: lo que pudo ser y no fue / Gender sensitivity in the formulation of Spanish health plans: what it could have been but wasn't

Objetivo: Examinar de forma sistemática la sensibilidad de género en las políticas formuladas en los planes de salud, de las comunidades autónomas (CCAA) de España que lo tienen disponible. Definimos «sensibilidad de género» como el grado en que los planes de salud tienen en cuenta la existencia del género como categoría de relación y desarrollan acciones para aminorar las desigualdades debidas a éste. Material y métodos: Se diseñó un cuestionario con una estructura similar a la de los planes de salud, que a su vez están basados en la propuesta de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Éstos tienen una parte introductoria, que hemos denominado de «contenido simbólico» y describe objetivos y valores generales del plan de salud, y otra, que hemos denominado el «contenido operativo» del plan de salud, donde se concretan los objetivos específicos y las intervenciones para conseguirlos. Se construyen índices de sensibilidad simbólica de género y de sensibilidad operativa de género. Resultados: Se analizaron 13 planes de salud. El País Vasco, la Comunidad Valenciana y Canarias tienen un alto índice de sensibilidad simbólica que no se corresponde en todas las comunidades con su índice de sensibilidad operativa. El País Vasco, Cataluña y Galicia tienen los índices de sensibilidad operativa de género más altos. Conclusiones: La sensibilidad de género en los planes de salud es muy desigual por CCAA. Algunas vías para la acción serían la formación de coaliciones y redes de profesionales y colectivos para poner de manifiesto el problema, así como construir sobre la experiencia de las CCAA con mayor sensibilidad de género en sus propuestas (AU)

Aim: To systematically examine gender sensitivity in the policies formulated in the health plans of the various Autonomous Communities in Spain in which these plans are available. We defined gender sensitivity as the extent to which the health plans took gender into account as a relation category and developed interventions to ameliorate gender-related inequalities. Material and methods: A questionnaire with a structure similar to that of the health plans, which were based on the World Health Organization's proposal, was designed. The questionnaire consisted of an introductory section, which we called the «symbolic content», and described the general objectives and values of the health plan. In the other section, which we called the «operative content» of the health plan, the specific objectives and the interventions to achieve them were expressed in concrete terms. A gender sensitivity symbolic index and gender sensitivity operative index were constructed.Results: Thirteen health plans were analyzed. Those of the Basque Country, the Valencian Community and the Canary Islands showed high symbolic content, which did not always match their subsequent operative implementation. The health plans of the Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia showed the greatest operative gender sensitivity. Conclusions: Gender sensitivity in health plans varies widely among Autonomous Communities. Some channels for action would be to set up partnerships and networks for health professionals and collectives in order to raise awareness of the problem and build on the experience of the Autonomous Communities whose initiatives are carried out with the greatest gender sensibility (AU)